It is challenging to remove dental implants once they have been inserted into the bone\nbecause it is hard to visualize the actual process of bone formation after implant installation, not to\nmention the cellular events that occur therein. During bone formation, contact osteogenesis occurs\non roughened implant surfaces, while distance osteogenesis occurs on smooth implant surfaces. In\nthe literature, there have been many in vitro model studies of bone formation on simulated dental\nimplants using flattened titanium (Ti) discs; however, the purpose of this study was to identify the\nin vivo cell responses to the implant surfaces on actual, three-dimensional (3D) dental Ti implants\nand the surrounding bone in contact with such implants at the electron microscopic level using\ntwo different types of implant surfaces. In particular, the different parts of the implant structures\nwere scrutinized. In this study, dental implants were installed in rabbit tibiae. The implants and\nbone were removed on day 10 and, subsequently, assessed using scanning electron microscopy\n(SEM), immunofluorescence microscopy (IF), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), focused\nion-beam (FIB) system with Cs-corrected TEM (Cs-STEM), and confocal laser scanning microscopy\n(CLSM)-which were used to determine the implant surface characteristics and to identify the cells\naccording to the different structural parts of the turned and roughened implants. The cell attachment\npattern was revealed according to the different structural components of each implant surface and\nbone. Different cell responses to the implant surfaces and the surrounding bone were attained at an\nelectron microscopic level in an in vivo model. These results shed light on cell behavioral patterns\nthat occur during bone regeneration and could be a guide in the use of electron microscopy for 3D\ndental implants in an in vivo model.
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